History Of The International Anti Corruption Movement Politics Essay

History Of The International Anti Corruption Movement Politics Essay Finding itself at the centre of development discourse for the last two decades, corruption has been a star of the international development scene since it was brought to the top of the agenda in the 1990s  [1]  . Following the end of the Cold War, a changing geopolitical climate encouraged the establishment of an international commitment to condemning and criminalising corruption at the multilateral level, a process which culminated in the appearance of a coordinated global anti-corruption movement  [2]  . Consisting of international agreements, domestic laws and initiatives, the reorientation of international organisations and the mobilisation of civil society, this global anti-corruption movement was aimed at tackling corruption via the systematic implementation of tools and strategies to address the issue on the ground. It is clear that corruption is now a focus of international development. Anti-corruptionism is a narrative that places corruption at the centre of development concerns and is tightly bound up with the modern good governance movement and the corresponding global shift towards legal formalisation.  [3]   Practically, the global movements origins have been suggested to lie in the interests of the US Government, multinational companies and multilateral donors. Corporate complaints about corruption as a non-tariff barrier to trade were a key motivation for the application of moral pressure to the international community for it to take action against international corruption. The US led the charge to encourage the appearance of a unified global agenda, a major concern being the fact that American companies were losing billions of dollars in international contracts from their inability to pay bribes by virtue of the operation of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.  [4]   The emergence and operation of the anti-corruption movement poses interesting questions for any student of international law and development. Importantly, if corruption has been recognised as harmful to societies since ancient times, what was it about the 1990s that spurred the international community to formally address it on a multilateral level? Further, how has the movement affected development on a global and local level and what have been its effects? The following section will examine anti-corruptionism by beginning with the genesis of the movement. It will then examine some methods and outcomes of the movements anti-corruption techniques. Whilst anti-corruptionism has brought international attention to an area which was previously somewhat neglected, critics argue that aspects of the movement itself have been counter-productive.  [5]   Owing to anti-corruptionism, corruption has reached a state of quasi-omnipotence in current development scholarship.  [6]  Culminating in the institution of a global anticorruption movement in the 1990s, this focus on corruption and its role in development emerged in stark contrast with attitudes of the international community in the period that immediately preceded it.  [7]   Having been unsuccessful at the UN, the US in 1981 began lobbying at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for that body to implement an alternative to alternative to the failed UN effort, illicit payments agreement.  [8]  However many OECD countries declined to cooperate due to concerns about the interaction of such an agreement with their domestic law.  [9]  With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the post-Cold War era ushered in a period of immense geopolitical change. With that change, the attention of the international community was increasingly focussed on the internationalisation of economics brought about by increasing levels of globalisation  [10]  . The problem of foreign bribery and corruption was suddenly given new priority by previously hesitant OECD countries who were then more receptive to the idea of an international agreement on the issue. In May 1994, the OECD Ministerial Council adopted the Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions, which asked members to take concrete and meaningful steps to amend their laws, tax systems, accounting and record keeping requirements and public procurement procedures.  [11]   In 1997, all twenty-nine member countries of the OECD and five non-member countries agreed to sign the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. The OECD Convention in effect obliged signatory countries to conform to a US model prohibiting bribery and money laundering. This model was then extended further in the UN Convention Against Corruption in 2003. The UNCAC included new commitments to transparency in public works procurement and currently represents the broadest, most recent international commitment to tackling global corruption.  [12]   In this new era of international enthusiasm, institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF came to include anti-corruptionism in their assistance conditionalities.78 Corruption was newly packaged as a socio-economic rather than political concern, by these institutions in order for them to depoliticise and therefore legitimately target the problem.79 Following this, there was widespread publication of the effects of corruption by NGOs and civil society, spearheaded by TI. NGOs and civil society worked to transmit the anti-corruption movement to citizens around the world and were aided by a post-communist trend towards free and active media facilitating the diffusion of the key tenants of anti-corruptionism  [13]  . The radical change of geopolitical climate, growth in international trade spurred by globalisation, participation by civil society, and moral push from the US, converged to popularise a fight against corruption. All this culminated in the appearance of the global anti-corruption movement in the 1990s. There are a number of consequences to the emergence of anti-corruptionism as a key explanatory factor for development failure. The first is principally a consequence of the ideology from which anti-corruptionism itself sprung but is also tied up with the attack on the state that anti-corruptionism encourages and supports. At the core of neo-liberalism is the simplistic mantra of private = good, public = bad. By viewing actions of the state as interference in the functioning of the market as rent-seeking activities neo-liberalism ignored the dangers of private monopolies and anti ­competitive behaviour, both of which began to flourish internally. Moreover, as Joseph Stiglitz has persuasively argued, neo-liberalism as encapsulated by the Washington Consensus failed to take into account the extreme inter-relatedness of everything with everything else in society. The second consequence of anti-corruptionism is arguably more serious and is related again to its role within neo-liberal ideology. It is the way in which corruption has become a mono-casual or predominant explanatory factor for development failures. One of the most potent dangers of anti-corruptionism is therefore not that it is wrong to highlight the damaging nature of corruption although much more work needs to be done to provide evidence for the supposition that it is actually harmful but that it is too simple an explanation alone to account for the failures in development policies. If there has been one central lesson of the past sixty years of development disappointments, it is how little we understand of what actually works in enabling people to fight their way out of poverty. The danger therefore of anti-corruptionism is that it diverts attention away from more nuanced accounts of development failures by providing an illusion of certainty in our understanding of development, and in doing so causes actual and on-going harm. The inability or unwillingness to develop a comprehensive understanding of failure contains within it the risk of failing all over again. The prescription to governments that they need to fight corruption does not provide a list of priorities, a means of going about it or any unanticipated (negative) consequences that may arise. This is largely because corruption tells us nothing about specific actions; instead it is what Polzer, following Euben, describes as an othering tool. In place of describing specific actions, such as theft or vote-rigging, corruption is simply a negative evaluative concept that One of the main effects of the term itself is thus to create a dichotomy between the corrupt and the good that mirrors neatly onto neo-liberalisms central characterisation of the state as bad and the market as good; the othering nature of the discourse, moreover, allows the World Bank, as champion of the market, to take on the mantle of good expert in contrast to the corrupt developing state. Focusing on the corruption of bureaucrats and government officials not only conveniently shields free market ideology from any responsibility for the failure to live up to its claims of wealth creation and the BWI from any responsibility for their role. Anti-corruptionism also exculpates any responsibility that the West its institutions and its citizens may have for, for example, Corruption, because of its place within the good governance agenda, is an ahistorical discourse of the present. Moreover, it is one of course that locates development failures squarely within developing countries, and this predominating focus on developing government failures in the face of our own complicity in them has of course an undeniable smack of cultural imperialism to it.  [14]  As such, it is not only deeply unhelpful but also damaging to the goals of development as well as to the necessary relationship between the global North and South an essential part of development if development goals, however defined, are to be achieved.

Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics Essay

There are four theoretical approaches to the metaphysics and they include Dualism and the theory that what exists on can do so on two levels the physical or the mental. The next approach is Materialism which theorizes that everything exists on a physical level. Then there is the Idealism approach which states that everything that exists is mental or spiritual. Finally, there is Alternative Views which theorizes that what exists in neither mental nor spiritual but believed that what exists is both, which means that what exists is neutral. In the Materialism theory of metaphysics it is said that everything is made of some kind of structure that are now called atoms. These atoms are governed entirely by physical laws and are thought to make up everything that we know and see. There were and are still many men in the scientific community that feel this way, but the most pronounced one was named Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes implied â€Å"clearly that all things are made of material particles and that all change reduces to motion. † (cite) His theory states that everything is matter in motion to include an individual’s thought process. Hobbes goes into detail about how this process works and called it perception or sense. His way of describing it is the fact that things have different properties and that the properties do not really exist. The properties of an object are based on what we perceive them to be. We perceive a rose to be beautiful, smell nice, and have red pedals. Those properties according to Hobbes are all based on perception and the rose does not actually have any of these traits. â€Å"The things that really are in the world outside us are those motions by which these seemings are caused. (cite) Hobbes describes perception as motion from the outside effects the motion of the inside of a person. The motion on the outside affected the motion on the inside and leaves a lasting effect after the motion is complete or dispersed then the motion that remains behind on the inside is left as a memory. The motion that is still on the inside is a perception and in turn is the root cause for thinking, imagination, and memory. As humans we describe this reaction by assigning words to these perceptions and Hobbes labeled that as reasoning. The way that people reason is nothing sort of â€Å"adding and subtracting of the consequences of general names. † (cite) The easiest way that this can be explained would be to refer it to a computer. The hard drive is considered as the movement on the inside and the keyboard and mouse as the outside. The hard drive is made up of a disk and magnet and works by taking the disc and spinning is around at a rapid pace. Next the magnet is moved around to encode the data to the hard drive. This whole process is done through movement and if stationary there is nothing that can be done to retrieve or store information. First to store or retrieve information an external source of movement needs to happen. Movement from the outside was represented as a keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse which is movement from the outside affects the hard drive which is the movement from the inside and vice versa. Now that movement has been represented the reasoning of information needs to be considered. Now we understand what movement effect movement means we can now address the fact of reasoning and perception. All of the information that the computer takes in needs to go somewhere and needs to be retrieved again. The computer makes sense of all the data by assigning numbers to all of the data so that it can be retrieved again. This aspect would be considered our perception which is reasoning which as Hobbes stated before is our thinking, memory, and imagination. Now some people would argue that Hobbes theory does not take into accounts decision making and other voluntary actions, but he does go into detail about how that process works. Hobbes addresses the finer points of the decision process by stating that every decision or movement starts of as an â€Å"endeavor† which was caused by perception. He then breaks it down even into two groups consisting of desire and aversion. When the endeavor is toward something then it is considered a desire and when it is away it is considered an aversion. We associate desire and aversion with words like love and hate or good and bad. So according to Hobbes the basic principle of our decision making is like a magnet. Let’s look at the magnet that is in the computer and affects the hard drive. Sometimes data can be corrupted and the information will not take to the hard drive. The process of corrupt data being entered from the outside can be considered as an aversion. Now any information that the system lets in can be considers as desire. If that did not make sense then lets look at a magnet in general. A magnet has a positive and a negative side. Anything that is attracted to the positive side can be considered a desire and anything that is repelled by the negative side can be considered an aversion. In the recent years there has been some advancements in technology that allows us to uncover the mysteries of the universe. Scientists have found matter that is smaller than atoms and they are calling them subatomic particles. It has been discovered that these particles make up every aspect of the universe and are comprised of some type of energy that is connected with everything else. After this discovery a lot of scientists are rattled about their theory and if Materialism is really the right type of metaphysical theory to go with. However, this does not completely rule this theory out it just seems like that needs to some changes or tweaks to the way that we think about Materialism.

Marketing Sop Example Essay

India is said to be the growing economical superpower, which will open a huge opportunity in the Management of Science and Business at the same time making a rational decision of where to land after getting higher education. What kind of a higher education will enhance my knowledge, skill and capabilities to the best? To place myself according to the growing economy of India and to gain the maximum out of it I came to a decision of doing MBA in UK. As UK has always been a good source of in providing world class education, I am eager do my MBA from London School of Business and Finance in UK. I was always been supported by my family for doing something big. They provoked me in dreaming big. My career was taking shape when I was about to complete my Bachelors degree in Commerce. I was always interested in this field. I took a decision of doing MBA in Finance and Marketing. My short-term goal is to place myself as an efficient manager of a renowned organization where I can give a better shape to my skills and capabilities and to be in a process of continuous learning. However, my long-term goal is to set up a firm of my own, where I can put all the innovative ideas that I have. Before that I will have to prepare my self for being efficient in implementing those ideas, which is, indeed, not easy. When it comes of doing MBA in UK it always makes me feel proud. Doing MBA from there will not only provide me with lots of experience but I will also give an international exposure which will be a big plus point for attaining my career goals. It will help me learning things in a diverse environment. It will have positive impact on my life and values. MBA in UK is the best and it gives exposures to new avenues. I am looking forward to join London School of Business and finance (LSBF) and it will be great getting the degree from University of Wales from UK.

Gustav Kirchhoff and Kirchhoffs Laws for Electrical Circuits

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (March 12, 1824–October 17, 1887) was a German physicist. He is best known for developing Kirchhoff’s laws, which quantify the current and voltage in electrical circuits. In addition to Kirchhoff’s laws, Kirchhoff made a number of other fundamental contributions to physics, including work on spectroscopy and blackbody radiation. Fast Facts: Gustav Kirchhoff Full Name: Gustav Robert KirchhoffOccupation: PhysicistKnown For: Developed Kirchhoffs laws for electrical circuitsBorn: March 12, 1824 in Kà ¶nigsberg, PrussiaDied: October 17, 1887 in Berlin, GermanyParents’ Names: Carl Friedrich Kirchhoff, Juliane Johanna Henriette von WittkeSpouses Names: Clara Richelot (m. 1834-1869), Benovefa Karolina Sopie Luise Brà ¶mmel (m. 1872) Early Years and Education Born in Kà ¶nigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), Gustav Kirchhoff was the youngest of three sons. His parents were Carl Friedrich Kirchhoff, a law counselor devoted to the Prussian state, and Juliane Johanna Henriette von Wittke. Kirchhoff’s parents encouraged their children to serve the Prussian state as best as they were able. Kirchoff was an academically strong student, so he planned to become a university professor, which was considered a civil servant role in Prussia at that time. Kirchhoff attended Kneiphofische High School with his brothers and received his diploma in 1842. After graduating high school, Kirchhoff began studying in the Mathematics-Physics department at the Albertus University of Kà ¶nigsberg. There, Kirchhoff attended a mathematics-physics seminar from 1843 to 1846 developed by the mathematicians Franz Neumann and Carl Jacobi. Neumann in particular had a profound impact on Kirchhoff, and encouraged him to pursue mathematical physics – a field which focuses on developing mathematical methods for problems in physics. While studying with Neumann, Kirchhoff published his first paper in 1845 at age 21. This paper contained the two Kirchhoff’s laws, which allow for the calculation of the current and voltage in electrical circuits. Kirchhoff's Laws Kirchhoff’s laws for current and voltage are at the foundation of analyzing electrical circuits, allowing for the quantification of current and voltage within the circuit. Kirchhoff derived these laws by generalizing the results of Ohm’s law, which states that the current between two points is directly proportional to the voltage between those points and inversely proportional to the resistance. Kirchhoff’s first law says that at a given junction in a circuit, the current going into the junction must equal the sum of the currents leaving the junction. Kirchhoff’s second law says that if there is a closed loop in a circuit, the sum of the voltage differences within the loop equals zero. Through his collaboration with Bunsen, Kirchhoff developed three Kirchhoff’s laws for spectroscopy: Incandescent solids, liquids, or dense gases – which light up after they are heated – emit a continuous spectrum of light: they emit light at all wavelengths.A hot, low-density gas produces an emission-line spectrum: the gas emits light at specific, discrete wavelengths, which can be seen as bright lines in an otherwise dark spectrum.A continuous spectrum traversing through a cooler, low-density gas produces an absorption-line spectrum: the gas absorbs light at specific, discrete wavelengths, which can be seen as dark lines in an otherwise continuous spectrum. Because atoms and molecules produce their own unique spectra, these laws allow for the identification of atoms and molecules found in the object being studied. Kirchhoff also performed important work in thermal radiation, and proposed Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation in 1859. This law states that the emissivity (ability to emit energy as radiation) and absorbance (ability to absorb radiation) of an object or surface are equal at any wavelength and temperature, if the object or surface is at static thermal equilibrium. While studying thermal radiation, Kirchhoff also coined the term â€Å"black body† to describe a hypothetical object which absorbed all incoming light and thus emitted all of that light when it was maintained at a constant temperature to establish thermal equilibrium. In 1900, the physicist Max Planck would hypothesize that these black bodies absorbed and emitted energy in certain values called â€Å"quanta.† This discovery would serve as one of the key insights for quantum mechanics. Academic Career In 1847, Kirchhoff graduated from Kà ¶nigsberg University, and became an unpaid lecturer at Berlin University in Germany in 1848. In 1850, he became an associate professor at Breslau University and in 1854 a professor of physics at Heidelberg University. At Breslau, Kirchhoff met the German chemist Robert Bunsen, after whom the Bunsen burner was named, and it was Bunsen who arranged for Kirchhoff to come to Heidelberg University. In the 1860s, Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that each element could be identified with a unique spectral pattern, establishing that spectroscopy could be used to experimentally analyze the elements. The pair would discover the elements cesium and rubidium while investigating the elements in the sun using spectroscopy. In addition to his work in spectroscopy, Kirchhoff would also study blackbody radiation, coining the term in 1862. His work is considered fundamental to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1875, Kirchhoff became the chair of mathematical physics at Berlin. He later retired in 1886. Later Life and Legacy Kirchhoff died on October 17, 1887 in Berlin, Germany at the age of 63. He is remembered for his contributions to the field of physics as well as his influential teaching career. His Kirchhoffs laws for electrical circuits are now taught as part of introductory physics courses on electromagnetism. Sources Hockey, Thomas A., editor. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2014.Inan, Aziz S. â€Å"What did Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Stumble Upon 150 Years Ago?† Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 73–76.â€Å"Kirchhoff’s Laws.† Cornell University, http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/kirchhoff.htm.Kurrer, Karl-Eugen. The History of the Theory of Structures: from Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics. Ernst Sohn, 2008.â€Å"Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.† Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics, and You, 2015, https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/kirchhoff.html.O’Connor, J. J., and Robertson, E. F. â€Å"Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.† University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 2002.Palma, Christopher. â€Å"Kirchoff’s Laws and Spectroscopy.† The Pennsylvania State University, https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l3_p6.html.

Relationship Between Secondary And Secondary Psychopathy

Psyc121: Introduction to Psychology Is the Relationship Between Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Related to Cognitive Empathy Rebecca Donald 300339504 Tutors name: Tim Granley Wednesday 11-12.50, EA404B Is the Relationship Between Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Related to Cognitive Empathy Throughout our study we investigated the relationship between secondary and primary psychopathy and cognitive empathy. Psychopathy is a mental disorder which can cause an individual to have behavior seen not normal to society. It causes the individual to be antisocial towards others, and they can become egocentric (Richell, Mitchell, Newman, Leonard, Baron-Cohen, Blair, 2003). Primary psychopathy and secondary psychopathy both show the traits of being impulsive, angry and very antagonistic however secondary psychopathy also shows the individual to have social anxiety, doubt themselves and to have swings in their emotions often which is unseen in primary psychopaths (Ali Chamorro-Premuzic, 2010). Cognitive empathy is someone’s ability to be able to relate to another individuals emotions and their mental state (Ali Chamorro-Premuzic, 2010). Cognitive empathy and psychopathy are related as someone who is a psychopath has few emotions and therefore will not show empathy, we are investigating to what extent psychopaths show a lack of cognitive empathy. We are conducting this experiment to see if our results are similar or different to previous studies. PreviousShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Cognitive Empathy And Primary And Secondary Psychopathy1583 Words   |  7 Pages PSYC 121: Introduction Psychology 1 Assessing the Relationship between Cognitive Empathy and both Primary and Secondary Psychopathy A. Craig 300353012 Amanda Richardson Monday, 5:10-7:00pm, EA404A Abstract This investigation is aimed to find whether there is a relationship between cognitive empathy and primary and secondary psychopathy. A correlational design was used, in which the Levenson self-report scale’ Levenson (1995) and the Reading Eyes Mind Test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) wereRead MoreRelationship Between Cognitive Empathy And Primary And Secondary Psychopathy1432 Words   |  6 PagesThis study looks at the relationship between Cognitive Empathy in Primary and Secondary Psychopathy, using the Levenson Psychopathy Scale and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test to ascertain lack of understanding in emotional expressions in psychopaths. There were 452 undergraduate students who participated in this study and it was found that Primary Psychopaths lack understanding in Cognitive Empathy, Secondary Psychopaths do not. Assessing the Relationship between Cognitive Empathy inRead MoreThe Relationship Between Primary And Secondary Psychopathy And Cognitive Empathy1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Relationship Between Primary Secondary Psychopathy and Cognitive Empathy Rinette van Kradenburg 300334373 Tutor’s Name: Johanna Herrmann Wednesday, 1:10 – 3:00pm, EA404B Abstract When asked what to define a Psychopath people will often respond with descriptions such as â€Å"remorseless†or â€Å"lacking in empathy†. However due to the results of studies from the past 20 years there may now be reason to believe that this is not always true. This study investigates the relationship betweenRead MoreAn Investigation Of The Correlation Between Psychopathy Subtypes And Cognitive Empathy1469 Words   |  6 PagesPSYC121: Introduction to Psychology 1 An Investigation of the Correlation Between Psychopathy Subtypes and Cognitive Empathy Name: Caitlin Sinclair ID: 300306538 Tutor: Lynley McLay Lab Time: Tuesday 3.10-5pm, 404A Abstract This investigation aimed to determine whether or not primary psychopathy and diminished cognitive empathy, and secondary psychopathy and diminished cognitive empathy are correlated. A correlational design, in which 452 participants from the PSYC121 classRead MoreA Correlation Between Primary Psychopathy And Cognitive Empathy1685 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology 1 Is There a Correlation Between Primary Psychopathy, Secondary Psychopathy and Cognitive Empathy? Aisha Atherton 300335111 Tutor’s Name: Nick Allan Tuesday, 5.10-7pm, EA404A Abstract The point of this investigation was to determine if there is a relationship between the two subtypes of psychopathy and cognitive empathy. A correlation design was employed, in which Levenson, Kiehl and Fitzpatrick’s (1994) Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and Baron-Cohel, et al’s (2002)Read MorePrimary And Secondary Psychopathy Associated With Cognitive Empathy1438 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Psychology 1 Are Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Associated with Cognitive Empathy? Name: Sylvia Thomas-Edmond ID: 300316531 Tutor: Amanda Richardson Lab Time: Friday 11am-12:50pm, 404B Abstract The current study examined the relationship between Primary psychopathy, secondary psychopathy and cognitive empathy in 452 undergraduate students at Victoria University of Wellington. The Levenson Self-report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP; Levenson, Kiehl, FitzpatrickRead MoreCorrelation Between First And Secondary Psychopathy And Cognitive Empathy Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermine the correlations between First and Secondary Psychopathy and Cognitive Empathy. We developed two hypotheses, (the first based off our intel from Chamorro-Premuzic, 2010) that Primary Psychopathy and Empathy will be negatively correlated whereas Secondary Psychopathy and Empathy will be positively correlated . Our subject pool consisted of 452 participants, 113 male and 339 female, where they completed a questionnaire of 2-parts; each part determinant of either Psychopathy or Empathy. The scoresRead MoreThe Association Between Primary And Secondary Psychopathy And Cognitive Empathy1554 Words   |  7 Pagesdesign to investigate the association between primary and secondary psychopathy and cognitive empathy. 452 first year psychology students completed Levenson, Kiehl and Fitzpatrick’s (1995) Levenson self-report Psychopathy scale (LSRP) and Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste and Plumb’s (2001) Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). A significant negative correlation was found between primary psychopathy and empathy while the correlation for secondary psychopathy and empathy was insignificant. FromRead MoreCorrelation Between Secondary And Secondary Students On Empathy, And Was Conducted By Applying Levenson s Srps And Tom1437 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy was to determine whether primary and secondary psychopaths had deficiencies in empathy, and was conducted by applying Levenson’s SRPS and ToM test to a non-institutionalized group. Studies show that psychopathic individuals have no deficiency with empathy, and support the first hypothesis of a negative c orrelation between primary psychopathy and empathy. The study doesn’t support the second hypothesis of a negative correlation between secondary psychopathy and empathy, with no evidence to supportRead MoreSocial Learning And Environmental Determinants Of Psychopathy1585 Words   |  7 PagesDeterminants of Psychopathy Psychopathy is a disorder caused by biological, environmental, and psychological factors that result in both interpersonal/affective deficits and social deviance/antisocial behaviors. It can be broken down into primary psychopathy and secondary psychopathy. Primary psychopathy mainly encompasses the interpersonal/affective components of psychopathy, such as superficial charm, lack of empathy, remorse or guilt, and manipulative tactics. These aspects of psychopathy are typically

The Effect Of Second Layer Matrix On Target Spots...

The Influence of Second Layer Matrix on Target Spots Unclassified by MALDI-TOF Although MALDI-TOF MS has been widely used in routine clinical microbiology laboratories, it is generally acknowledged that the appropriate sample-matrix preparation, a homogenous deposition on the target plate, is not very simple for successful MALDI-TOF measurement as well as microbial identification. (1) MALDI-TOF MS manufacturers introduced manually direct smear preparation protocols (2) in a convenient way for analysis of the large amounts microorganism colonies in microbiology laboratories, but they are called â€Å"black art† because of the unpredictability to find the dispersed â€Å"sweet-spots† due to the heterogeneous co-crystallization.(3) Regarding to those unclassified â€Å"no peaks found† samples, further purity cultures have to be inoculated for the second day remeasurement, which are costly in terms of labor, material and turnaround time. To date, many preparation methods, such as dried-droplet, thin layered, etc., have been developed to overco me the challenges.(4) However, all of them are â€Å"wet† preparation, in which sample solutions are used in analysis and thus they are impractical in â€Å"real† clinical microbiology scenario where semi-solid colonies are smeared on target directly. Based on an interesting MALDI-TOF phenomena, i.e., a significant improved mass spectrum can be obtained when analytes are mixed with matrix in a relative high mole ratio,(5) the influence of an second layer matrix

Art and Knowledge Essay Example For Students

Art and Knowledge Essay An area of knowledge that is usually regarded as less certain than mathematics or the sciences is the arts. When one watches an episode of American Idol (a singing competition), one may wonder if claims related to a contestants singing can be criticized with appropriate grounds. Given the condition that participants on the show are required to create personal renditions of various songs; logically speaking then, the judges shouldnt be able to justify their criticism as they themselves may not entirely understand the singers interpretation. From my experience in the arts, particularly in music, I have received numerous feedbacks about my piano performances from various adjudicators. From reading these comments, I found out that the main focus of their criticisms was based on my technical mastery, not improvisation. This suggests that before personal interpretation, one must consider the mechanics of art; in my case, the judges made knowledge claims about the fluency of my playing and the appropriateness of the tempo which are essential components to the practice of piano. These fundamental rules exist to provide artists with a foundation that allows them to develop original ideas. Therefore, knowledge claims in the arts arguably, can be rationally criticized on the basis of technicality. Although these fundamentals are not required to produce art, one can still be judged as though one possessed them. Going back to the American Idol example, knowledge claims that concern a contestants singing, regardless of whether he had any training, can be justified through reasoning based on technical abilities such as the execution of various pitches. The issue of subjectivity in the arts, however, becomes very problematic when we stray away from technical components and move towards personal interpretation. This is because grounds used as the basis of rational criticism may differ from person to person. Similar to mathematics, the other ways of knowing: perception, language, and emotion play a major role in the reasoning process. James O. Young, author of Art and Knowledge, claims that: Frequently, audiences do not need to acquire new experience before they can recognise that the perspective presented by an artwork is right. A good work of art can be convincing just because it enables audiences to reinterpret their past experience. (111) When we deduce that a piece of artwork has met the necessary requirements, we can determine using perception and our past experiences, as Young suggests, the features that are most appealing to us. The judges of American Idol use a similar process: when a number of contestants possess similar abilities, they employ emotions such as amazement or curiosity, to decide which singer has the personality of a superstar. One interesting point about art is that it can describe the world in a plethora of ways, from experiences in the physical world to the supernatural. Due to this abstract nature, many people have claimed that art can provide important insight into the way we understand the world through interpretation. This indicates that knowledge gained through subjectivity is not always unreliable, and perhaps there is an element of certainty gained instead. Although we can evaluate knowledge claims in the arts, other ways of knowing should be considered during processes of reasoning. Pythagoreans thought that only rational numbers existed in mathematics. After taking the square root of two, they realized that there were also irrational numbers and as a result, one of their fundamental truths was broken. As can be seen, when emotion, language, and perception are combined with the reasoning process, we can acquire truths through not only objectivity but also subjectivity. Knowledge claims in mathematics and the arts can be open to rational criticism, but reason alone may actually prevent the progress of both areas. By referring to this information, it is likely that these trends will occur in the other areas of knowledge.